here are some study questions for the physio lab final (hopefully of use to future classes...)
questions
low voltage galvanism / iontophoresis...[pg. 101]
1. two indications...X√
2. two contraindications...√
3. physiological effects...√
4. how deeply do the ions penetrate in iontophoresis?√
5. what is the relationship of the sizes of the active and dispersive electrodes?√
6. the distance between the electrodes should be...√
7. what is the recommended dosage in amps?†√
8. what is the maximum safe current density?√
9. initial treatment time...√
HVPC...[pg. 120]
10. two indications...√
11. two contraindications...√
12. physiological effects...†X
13. what is the shape of the waveform in HVPC?√
14. what are typical currents and voltages used in HVPC?√
15. how does pulse width affect the type of nerve stimulated?√
16. what is "negative polarity" used for?†√
17. what is "positive polarity" used for?†√
18. when would the 10/10 surge cycle time be appropriate?√
LVAC...[pg. 135]
19. two indications...√
20. two contraindications...√
21. physiological effects...√
22. what are the four modes of application?†
23. how many pads are used in LVAC?√
microcurrent...[pg. 167]
24. two indications...√
25. two contraindications...†
26. physiological effects...X
27. what general intensity level is used in microcurrent?√
28. ƒrequency and current settings...†
29. which polarity should be used for chronic vs. acute conditions?√
30. treatment time...√
31. pad placement for dermal wound healing?†
32. pad placement for pain relief?√
TENS... [pg. 144]
33. two indications...
34. two contraindications...
35. physiological effects...
36. describe the waveform used in TENS.
37. what are the factors that dosage is determined by?
38. what are typical treatment times and frequencies?
interferential...[pg. 180]
39. two indications...√
40. two contraindications...X
41. physiological effects...†
42. describe the waveform used in IFC.√
43. what is the "Wedisnky inhibition" in IFC?√
44. what can be done to reduce adaptation to the beat frequency?√
45. what beat frequencies should be used for pain reduction vs. muscle contraction?
46. what beat frequency range should be used for edema reduction?√
47. what is the difference in bipolar, quadripolar, and quadripolar with vector scan pad placement?
48. what is a typical treatment time for IFC?√
ultrasound...[pg. 215]
49. two indications...√
50. two contraindications...√
51. physiological effects...√
52. what is the frequency range of ultrasound?
53. which body tissue conducts transverse waves of ultrasound?√
54. absorption of sound waves is proportional to...
55. how does frequency relate to depth of penetration?
56. what is the rationale behind choosing continuous vs. pulsed duty cycle?
57. over bony areas, which mode should be used?
58. what intensity should be used for acute vs. chronic conditions?
59. if the coupling medium is a water bath, how should the intensity be modified?
60. what are recommended treatment times for acute and chronic conditions?
diathermy...[pg. 254]
61. two indications...
62. two contraindications...
63. physiological effects...
64. describe the frequency and amplitude for diathermy.
65. diathermy uses what principle?
66. how deeply does diathermy penetrate?
67. what settings should be used to minimize thermal effects of diathermy?
68. describe the settings, patient experience, and physiological effects of dose I.
69. describe the settings, patient experience, and physiological effects of dose II.
70. describe the settings, patient experience, and physiological effects of dose III.
71. describe the settings, patient experience, and physiological effects of dose IV.
72. what are some notable differences between diathermy and ultrasound?
infrared...[pg. 287]
73. two indications...
74. two contraindications...
75. physiological effects...
76. how deeply does infrared penetrate?
77. how far away should a infrared lamp be from the patient's skin?
78. what is the "inverse square law" in the context of infrared lamps?
79. typical treatment time is...
answers
1. spains/strains, athelete's foot.
2. open skin lesions, skin with impaired innervation.
3. delivering therapeutic ions through the skin. effects vary depending on ion delivered.
4. 1mm.
5. dispersive is half the size of the active.
6. at least twice the diameter of the dispersive electrode.
7. 1-5 mA for 20 mins recommended, or a range of 40-80 mA*min.
8. 1mA per in^2 of active electrode.
9. 3-4 mins.
10. pain reduction, reduce muscle hypertonicity / spasm.
11. cancer, pregnancy.
12. dermal wound healing, reductions of edema.
13. paired monophasic peaks.
14. 0.5-2.0 mA, 500V.
15. narrow pulse width is better for stimulating sensory nerves and wider pulse width is better for motor nerves.
16. wound healing, edema reduction, muscle contraction.
17. acute stage of injury and pain relief.
18. treatment of chronic edema.
19. reduce muscle hypertonicity, strengthen atrophied muscles.
20. pacemaker, or if treatment area is infected.
21. reduced hypertonicity due to muscle fatigue, and reduced edema due to muscle pumping.
22. pulsed, tetanize, surge, reciprocal.
23. 2 or 4.
24. pain relief, healing of wound/fractures/soft tissue.
25. cancer, pregnancy.
26. wound / tissue healing
increased ATP production / protein synthesis
27. sub-sensory.
28. 3hz, 60uA.
29. acute- positive. chronic- negative.
30. 15-20 mins.
31. one pad on wound and another pad 5-15cm away.
32. on either side of the tissue so that the line between the pads transects the target tissue.
33. acute pain (as in post surgery), joint pain relief.
34. when the source of the pain is unknown, or over the anterior cervical area.
35. pain reduction and selective nerve depolarization.
36. biphasic, balanced, and either symmetrical or asymmetrical.
37. tens mode, duration of application, frequency of application.
38. 15mins-4 hours (until relief), 1-6 times a day.
39. pain relief, edema reduction.
40. through brain, or near shortwave / microwave diathermy machine.
41. depolarization of sensory and motor nerve fibers.
42. combination of two different medium frequency sinusoid waveforms.
43. a phenomenon that occurs in the medium frequency range where nerve fibers are in a constant state of depolarization without repolarization.
44. the sweep feature.
45. 5bpm for pain reduction, 150pps for muscle contraction.
46. 1-15bpm.
47. bipolar is used for both superficial and deep treatment. quadripolar is used more for deep treatment. vector scan is deep with a wider treatment area.
48. 15-20 mins.
49. tissue healing via inflammation reduction, contracture of scar tissue.
50. over plastics, malignancy.
51. elevated tissue temperature, increased blood flow, metabolism.
52. 85Khz and 3Mhz.
53. bone.
54. protein content of tissue.
55. lower frequency yields deeper penetration; 1Mhz = 3-5cm, 3Mhz = 1-2cm.
56. continuous has more of a thermal effect and pulsed is more mechanical.
57. pulsed to avoid standing wave / hotspot formation.
58. 0.5 W/cm2 acute, 1.0 W/cm2 chronic
59. add 0.5 W/cm2.
60. 3-5 mins acute, 8-10 mins chronic.
61. soft tissue injury, sprains/strains repair.
62. within 15-20 feet of an IFC, russian current, or US. over metallic objects.
63. increased metabolism and increased ATP production via increased ion binding capability.
64. high frequency, low amplitude.
65. resonance of frequencies of tissue and diathermy machine.
66. up to 5cm.
67. pulsed setting, low pulse frequency, power output less than 38W.
68. less than 38W on PSWD, no sense of warmth, but good for treating acute trauma.
69. more than 38W on PSWD, light warmth, good for subacute trauma.
70. low-medium setting on CSWD, pleasant warmth, good for basically everything.
71. medium-high setting on CSWD, maxiumum warmth, good for collagen stretching.
72. diathermy has less treatment time but longer lasting effects, and a wider treatment area.
73. non-acute inflammation of the joints, muscle spasm / hypertonicity.
74. over gonads or areas of diminished sensation.
75. superficial thermal effects, deeper effects via reflex actions.
76. 0.5 inch.
77. 18-24 inches for a luminous, 29-36 inches for non-luminous.
78. the intensity of the infrared lamp is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the tissue.
79. 20-30 mins.
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