here is the rest of the midterm review for physiotherapy, covering the electrotherapies we've covered so far: low volt galvanism and high voltage pulse current.
questions
electrotherapy...
1. summarize coulomb's law.
2. summarize ohm's law.
3. summarize joule's law.
4. what are the biophysical effects of electrotherapy?
5. order the major tissues in the body according to their ability to conduct electricity.
6. what are some examples of "excitable" tissue in the body?
7. what occurs on a cellular level in response to electrotherapy?
8. what occurs on a tissue level in response to electrotherapy?
9. what occurs on a "segmental" level in response to electrotherapy?
10. what are some systemic reactions to electrotherapy?
11. what are four levels of intensity of application of electrotherapy?
12. what is the optimal pulse duration for motor nerves? how does this compare to sensory nerves?
13. how does nerve size relate to reaction time?
14. what is the difference between the monopolar and bipolar electrotherapy technique?
15. what are some indications for electrotherapy?
16. what are some contraindications for electrotherapy?
17. what are some indications for iontophoresis?
18. what are some contraindications for iontophoresis?
19. what are some precautions for iontophoresis?
20. dosage in iontophoresis is proportional to...
21. what is the maximum safe current density for iontophoresis?
22. what is the recommended dose for iontophoresis?
23. initial treatment time for iontophoresis should be no longer than...
24. what is high voltage pulsed current therapy?
25. what is the average amperage of the waveform in HVPC?
26. describe the shape of the waveform in HVPC.
27. what is the pulse duration of HVPC?
28. what are the advantages to a narrow and wide pulse duration in HVPC?
29. what are the physiological effects of HVPC treatment?
30. what are the contraindications for HVPC treatment?
31. which "polarity" of HPVC application is better suited for acute vs. chronic pain relief?
what is the clinical effect of HPVC application of...
32. "sensory" intensity level and 1-15 pps frequency?
33. "sensory" intensity level and 80-150 pps frequency?
34. "motor" intensity level and 3-5 pps frequency?
35. "motor" intensity level and 1-10 pps frequency?
36. "motor" intensity level and 40-60 pps frequency?
37. "motor" intensity level and 80-150 pps frequency?
38. "nociception" intensity level and 1-15 pps frequency?
39. "nociception" intensity level and 80-150 pps frequency?
answers
1. like charges repel and unlike charges attract.
2. V=IR.
3. heat is produced by current flowing through a resistor.
4. thermal effect (joule's law), electromagnetic effect (biot-savart law), chemical effect (movement of ions by direct current therapies), kinetic effect (contraction of muscle fibers).
5. muscle, brain, tendons/fascia, fat, skin, bone.
6. nerve cells and axons, muscle cells, glandular cells.
7. changes in membrane permeability, nerve excitation, modification of fibroblasts, osteoblasts, mitochondria, microcirculation, alteration of protein and serum concentration, alteration of enzymatic activity.
8. smooth and skeletal muscle contraction / relaxation. tissue regeneration and remodeling.
9. improved joint mobility, circulation from muscle pumping, lymph drainage.
10. analgesic effects, circulatory effects, internal organ modulation.
11. non-sensory (patient doesn't feel), sensory (patient barely feels), motor (contraction of muscles), nociception level (pain).
12. 300-500 microseconds, sensory respond to shorter pulse durations.
13. larger diameter nerves have decreased capacitance and respond faster than smaller nerves.
14. monopolar's active pad is half the size of the passive pad whereas bipolar's pads are the same size.
15. reduction of pain, edema, hypertonicity. increase tissue healing, joint range of motion, fracture healing. reeducate muscles. [reduce, increase, educate]
16. pacemakers, over anterior cervicals, sensitive organs, malignancy, infection, hemorrhage, thrombophlebitis.
17. anti-inflammation, pain reduction, reducing hypertonicity, softening adhesions and scars, calcium deposits, anti-microbial effects.
18. open lesions, allergy, impaired sensation, metal or electric implants.
19. might get transient skin irritation, electrochemical burn. need adequate distance between electrodes (at least size of largest electrode). don't change intensity while moving electrodes. polarity of therapeutic ion must mach polarity of active electrode.
20. current and time of application.
21. 1.0 mA/inch squared.
22. 40-80 mA*min.
23. 3-4 minutes.
24. an electrotherapy that uses high voltage but low amperage pulsed electricity.
25. 0.5-2.0 ma.
26. double peaked, rapid rise.
27. 100-200 usec.
28. narrow stimulates sensory nerves and wide stimulates motor nerves.
29. dermal wound healing, edema reduction, spasm reduction, pain relief, muscle re-education, increased muscle blood flow.
30. see question 16.
31. positive- acute pain. negative- chronic pain.
32. connective tissue repair.
33. connective tissue repair, acute edema reduction, acute pain relief.
34. chronic pain relief.
35. tissue healing, chronic edema reduction.
36. chronic edema reduction, muscle reeducation and strengthening.
37. reduce hypertonicity, spasm, spasticity.
38. acute / chronic pain via opiate method.
39. acute / chronic pain via gate control method.
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