the first lecture in biomechanics introduced the core concepts we will be using to explore the body in this class. biomechanics is the study of how the rules of physics can be applied to the human body. some terminology: osteokinematics is the study of gross bone movement whereas arthrokinematics is the study of how the bones shift in the joint during movement. the three cardinal planes of motion are sagittal, coronal/frontal, and transverse and the three axes of rotation are the sagittal, longitudinal, and frontal axes. all movement can be described in terms of translation and rotation according to the frame of reference from these planes and rotational axes.
there are many different types of joints in the body, which are all specialized according to the type of movement they permit. joints can be classified by how much movement they permit: synarthrodial joints such as the fibrous joints between skull bones or those that anchor the teeth are very tight and do not permit much movement. amphiarthrodial joints permit "some" movement, as in the syndesmosis joints (interosseus membrane) or synchondrosis joints (costosternal joint or epiphyseal plate).
the most mobile joints are called diarthrodial, of which synovial joints are the prime example- these joints are characterized by the separation of the two bones by a fluid filled cavity. there are six types of synovial joints in the body: gliding joints, which only permit a sliding motion as in the metacarpal joint or facet joints of the vertebrae. hinge joints, which permit uniaxial movement as in the humerus and ulna. pivot joints, which permit rotation of one bone along an axis parallel to the other bone such as the atlas/axis. ellipsoid or condyloid joints have an oval surface / depression which allows for biaxial movement, as in the radiocarpal joint. saddle joints are only seen in the thumbs, where each articular surface is saddle shaped and allows for biaxial movement. finally, ball and socket joints allow for multi-axial movement and are seen in the humrus/shoulder joint and the femur/hip joint.
questions
therapeutic order and biomechanics intro...
1. what is meant by "therapeutic order" in naturopathy?
2. how does biomechanics fit into the therapeutic order?
3. how are first order and second order interventions defined?
4. what is "somatovisceral influence" and what is an example?
5. what is "viscerosomatic influence" and what is an example?
kinesiology and kinematics...
6. define kinesiology, kinematics, and biomechanics.
7. what is the difference between osteokinematics and arthrokinematics?
8. what are two types of kinematic motion?
9. what are the two types of translation motion?
10. what is the difference between active and passive motion?
11. what is the difference between the "anatomical" and "reference" positions?
planes and axes...
12. what are the cardinal planes of motion?
13. what are the three axes of motion?
14. describe flexion/extension in terms of axes and planes of motion.
15. describe abduction/adduction in terms of axes and planes of motion.
16. describe rotation in terms of axes and planes of motion.
osteokinematics...
17. what are 2 types of motion that can occur at joints between bones and what are examples of each?
18. describe flexion and extension in terms of their effect on the angle between bones.
19. describe the ab- and adduction motion.
20. describe the circumduction motion.
21. describe the supination/pronation motion.
22. describe the inversion/eversion motion.
23. describe plantar and dorsiflexion.
24. describe the opposition/reposition motion of the thumb.
joints...
25. what are 3 functional classifications of joints in the body?
26. what are 3 structural classifications of joints?
27. describe suture joints.
28. describe gomphosis joints.
29. describe syndesmosis joints.
30. describe cartilaginous joints.
31. depending on the length of collagen fibers, cartilaginous joints may be...
32. what are two types of cartilaginous joints?
33. what is a synchondrosis joint? what are some examples?
34. what is a symphysis joint? what are some examples?
synovial joints...
35. describe the layout of a synovial joint.
36. what is synovial fluid and what does it do?
37. what are the six types of synovial joints?
38. describe the gliding synovial joint.
39. describe the hinge synovial joint.
40. describe the pivot joint.
41. describe the condyoid joint.
42. describe the saddle joint.
43. describe the ball and socket joint.
answers
1. the "therapeutic order" is the framework of therapeutic actions of increasing severity: establishing the conditions for health (diagnosis), stimulating the vis medicatrix naturae, addressing weakened systems or organs, correcting structural integrity, addressing pathology with natural methods, addressing pathology with synthetic methods, and finally suppressing or removing pathology.
2. biomechanics deals with the "correcting structural integrity" portion of the therapeutic order.
3. in general first order intervention deals with purely structural dysfunction whereas second order intervention deals with structural dysfunction that is the result of visceral dysfunction.
4. somatovisceral influence is the musculoskeletal system influencing the visceral organs; such as bad posture cutting off blood supply to the organs.
5. the internal organs causing musculoskeletal dysfunction, such as stomach problems causing back pain.
6. kinesiology is the study of motion or movement of the human body; biomechanics is the application of the laws of physics to the movement of the body; kinematics is the study of motion of the body without regard to the forces that intrinsically produce those motions (as in muscles).
7. osteokinematics deals with gross movements of bones in the cardinal planes while arthrokinematics deals with the movements that occur within the joints between the bones.
8. translation and rotation.
9. rectilinear and curvilinear.
10. active motion is produced by the muscles and passive motion is produced by external forces acted upon the body.
11. anatomical has palms facing forward and reference have hands faced inwards.
12. sagittal, frontal, transverse.
13. frontal (X), sagittal (Z), longitudinal (Y).
14. flexion/extension is movement within the sagittal plane along the frontal axis.
15. movement within the frontal plane along the sagittal axis.
16. movement within the transverse plane along the longitudinal axis.
17. linear motion (metacarpals and facet joints) and angular motion (virtually all other joints)
18. flexion in general decreases the angle between two bones and extension does the opposite.
19. angular motion in the frontal plane along the sagittal axis.
20. circular motion without rotation: a combination of flexion/extension and adduction/abduction.
21. supination is rotation of the palm upwards and pronation is rotation downwards.
22. inversion is the bending of the foot medially such that the ankle points out and the weight is on the lateral edge of the foot, and eversion is the opposite.
23. plantar flexion is extension of the foot (pointing the toes) and dorsiflexion is flexion of the foot (pulling back the toes)
24. opposition is the movement of the thumb towards the other fingers and reposition is the opposite.
25. synarthrodial, amphiarthrodial, diarthrodial, indicating joints with little to no movement, some movement, and ample movement, respectively.
26. fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial, roughly corresponding to synarthrodial, amphiarthrodial, and diarthrodial.
27. suture joints are short fibrous connective tissue between the bones of the skull that blends into the periosteum.
28. gomphosis joints are the peg and socket shaped fibrous joints that are seen in the teeth- in this case the joint is made of periodontal ligament.
29. syndesmosis joints are bands or cords of tissue that interconnect two bones, such as the interossues membrane between the tibia and the fibula.
30. bones joint by cartilage; no joint cavity.
31. synarthrodial or amphiarthrodial.
32. synchondrosis or symphysis.
33. bones connected by hyaline cartilage, such as the epiphyseal plate or costosternal joint.
34. articular surfaces of bones covered with cartilage for shock absorption; intervertebral joints or pubic symphysis.
35. two bones separated by a fluid filled cavity which is connected by ligaments of dense connective tissue.
36. largely hyaluronic acid, fills all free space within the synovial joint capsule. reduces friction and nourishes articular cartilage.
37. gliding, hinge, pivot, condyoid, saddle, ball and socket.
38. flat articular surfaces allows for only gliding or slipping movements, such as in the facet joints in vertebrae or intercarpal joints.
39. a convex surface of bone fitting into a concave surface which allows for uni-axial movement, such as the ulna and humerus joint.
40. a joint that joins two bones so as to allow rotation of one bone on an axis parallel to the other bone, such as the axis/atlas joint or the proximal radioulnar joint.
41. an oval articular surface of one bone fits into an oval depression in another which allows for all angular motions, as in the wrist or metacarpophalangeal joint. also called ellipsoid joint.
42. joint in which articular surface of each bone is shaped like a saddle, allowing for biaxial movement. only seen in the thumb.
43. a spherical or hemispherical bone fitting into a socket of another, allowing for multiaxial movement- such as the humerus and the glenoid cavity.
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