this lecture talked briefly about the vasculature of the thigh and leg. the posterior arteries in the leg start with the femoral artery, which goes through the femoral triangle, down the anterior thigh, through the adductor hiatus, and turns into the popliteal artery. the popliteal artery divides into the posterior tibial artery, which supplies blood to the posterior leg muscles, and the fibular artery, which supplies the lateral leg compartment. the posterior tibial artery ends in the medial and lateral plantar arteries on the ventral side of the foot. the anterior leg muscles are supplied with blood via the anterior tibial artery. the dorsal pedis artery is on the dorsal side of the foot and is a location for a palpable pulse.
a couple landmarks in the leg: the popliteal fossa is the space in the back of the knee which is bordered by the lower tendons of the hamstring on the top and the upper heads of the gastrocnemius on the bottom. through it passes the common fibular and tibial nerve, as well as the popliteal artery and vein. the femoral triangle is created by the inguinal ligament, the sartorius, and the adductor longus, and contains the femoral vein, artery, and nerve.
the veins of the leg can be divided into superficial and deep veins; most of the blood returns through the deep veins, venae comitantes, which are bound to the arteries. one important superficial vein is the long saphenous vein, which runs down the medial aspect of the leg and thigh. perforating veins are veins that connect and allow blood to flow from superficial to deep veins. when the valves in the perforating veins start to be defective (due to excessive pressure), backflow is possible, and this can create varicose veins- large, twisted veins, in both the perforating and superficial veins of the leg.
questions
1. describe the path of the femoral artery.
2. what are the two branches of the popliteal artery?
3. what does the posterior tibial branch of the popliteal artery supply blood to?
4. what does the fibular branch of the popliteal artery supply blood to?
5. what does the posterial tibial artery end in?
6. neurovascular bundle of the foot passes...
7. which artery supplies blood to the anterior group of leg muscles?
8. which artery provides a palpable pulse on the dorsal side of the foot?
9. where is the popliteal fossa located?
10. what is contained in the popliteal fossa?
11. what are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?
12. what arteries, veins, and nerves pass through the femoral triangle?
13. which vein enters the femoral vein in the femoral triangle?
14. what are the lymph nodes in the femoral triangle called?
15. what is the site in which femoral hernias can occur?
16. describe the location of the long saphenous vein.
17. the long saphenous vein can be used as...
18. what are the deep veins in the leg?
19. what do perforating veins do?
20. how are varicose veins developed in the leg?
answers
1. passes through the femoral triangle and down the anterior thigh, then through the adductor hiatus to the posterior thigh; becomes the popliteal artery.
2. posterior tibial, fibular.
3. posterior compartment leg muscles.
4. lateral compartment leg muscles.
5. the medial and lateral plantar arteries.
6. posteriorly to the medial malleolus.
7. the anterior tibial artery.
8. dorsal pedis artery.
9. between the lower tendons of the hamstrings and the upper heads of the gastrocnemius.
10. the popliteal artery and vein, the tibial and common fibular nerve.
11. the sartorius, inguinal ligament, and adductor longus.
12. femoral artery, vein, and nerve.
13. the great saphenous vein.
14. inguinal lymph nodes.
15. the femoral canal, the space medial to the femoral vein.
16. the long saphenous vein is a long vein that runs along the medial aspect of the leg and thigh.
17. a "source of bypass vessels"
18. the venae comitantes which surround the arteries.
19. they connect the superficial and deep veins in the leg.
20. when the valves in the perforating veins are defective, allowing backflow to occur through the perforating veins to the superficial veins.
Showing posts with label thigh. Show all posts
Showing posts with label thigh. Show all posts
Sunday, February 22, 2009
Friday, January 23, 2009
ms anatomy: thigh
this is the second lecture on the bottom half of the body and covers the muscles, nerves, and bones of the thigh region. muscles are grouped according to the actions they produce on the knee joint (extension of the knee is the kicking motion) and the hip joint (extension of the hip is pulling the leg back).
the flexors of the hip include the pectineus, rectus femoris, sartorius, and adductor longus and brevis. the extensors of the hip are the hamstrings: the biceps femoris (long head only, because the short head originates on the femur's linea aspera), the semimembrinosus, the semitendinosus, and the adductor magnus. the adductors are: the adductor longus and brevis, adductor magnus, gracilis, pectineus. the muscles that flex the knee are: sartorius, biceps femoris (both heads), semitendinosus, and semimembrinosus.
the femoral and obturator nerves are looked at briefly- both originate in the lumbar plexus at the L2,3,4 level. the femoral nerve passes through the femoral triangle and innervates the quadriceps, sartorius, iliacus, and pectineus. the obturator nerve passes through the obturator canal and innervates the gracilis, 1/2 of the adductor magnus, and the adductors (besides the pectineus)
a few details about the knee region: the "goose's foot" is a convergence of tendons on the medial upper tibia from the tendons of the sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus. two ligaments that stabilize the knee joint: the anterior cruciate ligament goes from the anterior tibia to the inner medial condyle of the femur and limits hyperextension. the posterior cruciate ligament goes from the posterior tibia to the inner lateral condyle of the femur and prevents anterior displacement of the femur.
questions
origins, insertions, actions, innervations...
1. sartorius
2. quadriceps femoris
3. pectineus
4. adductor longus and brevis
5. gracilis
6. adductor magnus
7. semitendinosus
8. semimembranosus
9. biceps femoris
10. where does the femoral nerve originate and where does it pass through?
11. what does the femoral nerve innervate?
12. where does the obturator nerve originate and where does it pass through?
13. what does the obturator nerve innervate?
which muscles produce these actions...
14. flexion of femur
15. extension of femur
16. lateral rotation of femur
17. adduction of femur
18. flexion of knee
19. what constitutes the pes anserinus? what else is it called?
20. what are the tibial plateaus?
21. is the fibula head part of the knee joint?
22. where does the anterior cruciate ligament attach to? what does it do?
23. where does the posterior cruciate ligament attach to? what does it do?
answers
1. O: ASIS, I: medial surface of the upper tibia, N: femoral nerve, A: flex, laterally rotate femur
2. O: rectus femoris-ASIS, vastus lateralis and medialis-linea aspera, vastus intermedius- upper anterior femur, I: tibial tuberosity via patella, N: femoral nerve, A: extend leg, flex femur.
3. O: pubis, I: linea aspera, N: femoral nerve, A: adduct, flex femur
4. O: pubis, I: linea aspera, N: obturator nerve, A: adduct, flex femur
5. O: pubis, I: medial upper tibia, N: obturator nerve, A: adduct femur, flex leg
6. O: pubis, ischium, I: linea aspera, adductor tubercle, N: obturator and sciatic nerve, A: adduct and extend femur
7. O: ischial tuberosity, I: upper medial tibia, N: tibial nerve, A: extend femur, flex and medially rotate leg
8. O: ischial tuberosity, I: medial condyle of tibia, N: tibial nerve, A: extend femur, flex and medially rotate leg
9. O: ischial tuberosity / linea aspera, I: head of fibula, N: tibial nerve and common fibular (long head/short head), A: flex and laterally rotate leg, and extend femur (long head only)
10. L234, passes through femoral triangle
11. iliacus, sartorius, quadriceps, pectineus
12. L234, passe through obturator canal
13. adductors (except pectineus), 1/2 of adductor magnus, gracilis.
14. rectus femoris, sartorius, pectineus, adductor longus and brevis.
15. adductor magnus, biceps femoris long head, semitendinosus, semimembrinosus.
16. sartorius
17. pectineus, adductor longus/brevis, gracilis, adductor magnus
18. sartorius, biceps femoris (long and short heads), semitendinosus, semimembrinosus.
19. "goose's foot" is made up of the common tendon insertions for gracilis, sartorius, semitendinosus.
20. the flat surfaces of the tibia which articulate with the femoral condyles.
21. no
22. anterior tibia to inner surface of lateral femoral condyle. limits hyperextension of knee and posterior displacement of femur on tibia
23. posterior tibia to inner surface of medial femoral condyle, prevents anterior disaplacement of femur.
the flexors of the hip include the pectineus, rectus femoris, sartorius, and adductor longus and brevis. the extensors of the hip are the hamstrings: the biceps femoris (long head only, because the short head originates on the femur's linea aspera), the semimembrinosus, the semitendinosus, and the adductor magnus. the adductors are: the adductor longus and brevis, adductor magnus, gracilis, pectineus. the muscles that flex the knee are: sartorius, biceps femoris (both heads), semitendinosus, and semimembrinosus.
the femoral and obturator nerves are looked at briefly- both originate in the lumbar plexus at the L2,3,4 level. the femoral nerve passes through the femoral triangle and innervates the quadriceps, sartorius, iliacus, and pectineus. the obturator nerve passes through the obturator canal and innervates the gracilis, 1/2 of the adductor magnus, and the adductors (besides the pectineus)
a few details about the knee region: the "goose's foot" is a convergence of tendons on the medial upper tibia from the tendons of the sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus. two ligaments that stabilize the knee joint: the anterior cruciate ligament goes from the anterior tibia to the inner medial condyle of the femur and limits hyperextension. the posterior cruciate ligament goes from the posterior tibia to the inner lateral condyle of the femur and prevents anterior displacement of the femur.
questions
origins, insertions, actions, innervations...
1. sartorius
2. quadriceps femoris
3. pectineus
4. adductor longus and brevis
5. gracilis
6. adductor magnus
7. semitendinosus
8. semimembranosus
9. biceps femoris
10. where does the femoral nerve originate and where does it pass through?
11. what does the femoral nerve innervate?
12. where does the obturator nerve originate and where does it pass through?
13. what does the obturator nerve innervate?
which muscles produce these actions...
14. flexion of femur
15. extension of femur
16. lateral rotation of femur
17. adduction of femur
18. flexion of knee
19. what constitutes the pes anserinus? what else is it called?
20. what are the tibial plateaus?
21. is the fibula head part of the knee joint?
22. where does the anterior cruciate ligament attach to? what does it do?
23. where does the posterior cruciate ligament attach to? what does it do?
answers
1. O: ASIS, I: medial surface of the upper tibia, N: femoral nerve, A: flex, laterally rotate femur
2. O: rectus femoris-ASIS, vastus lateralis and medialis-linea aspera, vastus intermedius- upper anterior femur, I: tibial tuberosity via patella, N: femoral nerve, A: extend leg, flex femur.
3. O: pubis, I: linea aspera, N: femoral nerve, A: adduct, flex femur
4. O: pubis, I: linea aspera, N: obturator nerve, A: adduct, flex femur
5. O: pubis, I: medial upper tibia, N: obturator nerve, A: adduct femur, flex leg
6. O: pubis, ischium, I: linea aspera, adductor tubercle, N: obturator and sciatic nerve, A: adduct and extend femur
7. O: ischial tuberosity, I: upper medial tibia, N: tibial nerve, A: extend femur, flex and medially rotate leg
8. O: ischial tuberosity, I: medial condyle of tibia, N: tibial nerve, A: extend femur, flex and medially rotate leg
9. O: ischial tuberosity / linea aspera, I: head of fibula, N: tibial nerve and common fibular (long head/short head), A: flex and laterally rotate leg, and extend femur (long head only)
10. L234, passes through femoral triangle
11. iliacus, sartorius, quadriceps, pectineus
12. L234, passe through obturator canal
13. adductors (except pectineus), 1/2 of adductor magnus, gracilis.
14. rectus femoris, sartorius, pectineus, adductor longus and brevis.
15. adductor magnus, biceps femoris long head, semitendinosus, semimembrinosus.
16. sartorius
17. pectineus, adductor longus/brevis, gracilis, adductor magnus
18. sartorius, biceps femoris (long and short heads), semitendinosus, semimembrinosus.
19. "goose's foot" is made up of the common tendon insertions for gracilis, sartorius, semitendinosus.
20. the flat surfaces of the tibia which articulate with the femoral condyles.
21. no
22. anterior tibia to inner surface of lateral femoral condyle. limits hyperextension of knee and posterior displacement of femur on tibia
23. posterior tibia to inner surface of medial femoral condyle, prevents anterior disaplacement of femur.
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